1. Friction Losses in Pipe
When fluid flows in pipe conduit, shear stress will be occured. Velocity in pipe will be decreased because of energy loss that can be measured by pressure differences.
For example :
This chart shows the result :
For turbulent flow,
n = 1.75, for rough wall pipe
n = 2, for smooth wall pipe
2. Bernoulli Equation
Figure shows total heads measured from datum
3. Energy Head Loss
a) Major Head Loss, hf
where f is friction factor
Above mention equation is called the Darcy-Weisbach equation. It is valid for any fully developed, steady, incompressible pipe flow, whether the pipe is horizontal or on hill
b) Minor Head Loss, Hm
where KL is the loss coefficient
3) Entrance flow conditions and loss coefficient.
4) Exit flow conditions and loss coefficient.
Losses also occur because of a change in pipe diameter
For sudden contraction:
For sudden expansion
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